Canine Vaccines

By: Gary Richter, DVM, MS

Deciding what to vaccinate your dog for and how often can be a complicated issue. The question of which vaccines and how often to vaccinate is one being contemplated by some of the foremost researchers in veterinary medicine. The balance between protecting a dog from infectious diseases and possible complications related to vaccinations has led to changing ideas regarding canine vaccines.

The core vaccines given to dogs are DHPP (Distemper, Hepatitis, Parainfluenza, Parvovirus), Rabies, and sometimes Leptospirosis (Given as DHLPP). The viruses prevented by the DHPP vaccine can be devastating and often fatal. Rabies, not only fatal to dogs, is transmissible to humans and is nearly always fatal for us as well. Other vaccines such as Bordatella (kennel cough) and Lyme are given less frequently depending on exposure risks.

It is strongly recommended all dogs receive their initial puppy series of DHPP or DHLPP followed by a booster vaccine at one year of age. The rabies vaccine is legally required for puppies over 4 months of age and followed by a booster at one year and then at three-year intervals subsequently. Specific regulations regarding rabies vaccination and licensing are determined by the city or county you live in.

In recent years, the standard of annual DHPP vaccination has been challenged. Traditionally DHPP has been given as an annual vaccine. Recent research suggests the vaccine may provide more than one year of immunity after the puppy series and one year booster. Several pharmaceutical companies are now producing DHPP vaccines that are labeled as three-year vaccines. Many veterinarians are changing to a three-year protocol for DHPP rather than annual vaccination.

The three-year protocol for DHPP does not extend to the Leptospirosis portion of the vaccine- this should continue to be given annually (at least) to minimize the chance of infection. Rabies vaccines as mentioned above, should be given according to local regulatory guidelines unless there is a medical reason the dog should not be vaccinated.

Canine vaccines are a complex and dynamic issue. Requirements vary from dog to dog based on lifestyle and the animal's health. Please consult with your veterinarian about what vaccines your dog should receive and how often your dog should be vaccinated. Remember, regardless of the frequency of their vaccinations, annual physical exams are a crucial part of your dog's health and well-being. Have your dog examined by your veterinarian at least annually.

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